RAAS Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System: CV Drugs Affecting RAAS

This post features a collection of videos that provide a visual approach on cardiovascular pharmacology for student nurses, specifically on anti-hypertensives affecting RAAS.

Cardiovascular pharmacology deals with the study of the effects of drugs upon the heart or circulatory system. Cardiovascular medicines help to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease, slow the progression of it as well as treat its symptoms whilst providing a better quality of life and increasing life expectancy.

Types of Cardiovascular Drugs include:

  • Anti-Hypertensive Drugs
  • Anti-Angina Drugs
  • Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs
  • Anti-Coagulants
  • Anti-Hyperlipidaemic Drugs

Anti-Hypertensive Drugs are further sub-divided into 4 categories, namely:

Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone Inhibitors

Adregenic System Inhibitors

Diuretics

Direct Vasodilators

Below you can find a collection of videos that can help provide a more visual approach to cardiovascular pharmacology, specifically on the Anti-Hypertensive DrugsRenin-Angiotensin Aldosterone Inhibitors RAAS.


RAAS – Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System

The RAAS system regulates the blood volume and the systemic vascular resistance, affecting the cardiac output (bloodflow) and arterial pressure, and impacting Renin, Angiotensin and Aldosterone.

ACE Inhibitors:

ACE inhibitors end with _pril eg. Enalapril, Lisinopril, Perindopril.

  • Block the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2 = decrease in BP, peripheral volume, heart workload, blood volume, aldosterone secretion.
  • INDICATIONS: hypertension, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy.
  • SIDE EFFECTS: headache, dizziness, tiredness, hypotension (especially after 1st dose; ideally administer before going to bed at night), reflex tachycardia, arrhythmias, decreased renal function, dry persistent non-productive cough, angioedema (breathing problems), rash, taste disturbances, hyperkalaemia.
  • NURSING INTERVENTION: avoid abrupt stopping of medication, take 1hr before or 2hrs after a meal, monitor patients with risk of dehydration, check blood profile for electrolytes and creatinine, monitor BP, avoid NSAIDs to minimise renal damage risk, stop additional K+ sparing diuretics and K+ supplements as they would increase the risk for hyperkalaemia.

ARBs – Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers:

ARBs end with _sartans eg. Candesartan, Losartan, Eprosartan.

  • Block Angiotensin II from binding with receptors in the smooth muscles of the heart and blood vessels = reduction in vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, catecholamine release, cell growth and BP.
  • No effect on bradykinin thus no non-productive cough is experienced as a side effect.
  • INDICATIONS: hypertension, HF, LVF (left ventricular failure), patients unable to take ACE inhibitors eg. those experiencing dry cough.
  • ADVERSE EFFECTS: headache, dizziness, weakness, orthostatic hypotension, URTI (upper respiratory tract infections), mild cough, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, dry mouth, tooth pain, rash, alopecia, dry skin.

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

ACE Inhibitors

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers ARBs

Special thanks to the creator of the featured videos on this post, specifically Youtube Channel Registered Nurse RN.

Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

Cardiovascular Disease – Heart Disease Simplified For Nursing Students

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death both globally and in Malta.

Cardiovascular disease risk factors

Non-Modifiable risk factors: age, gender and family history.

Modifiable risk factors: high cholesterol, high BP, diabetes, smoking, being overweight or obese, living an inactive lifestyle, excessive alcohol and excessive stress.

Cardiovascular diseases can be managed through lifestyle changes, which include incorporating a healthy diet as well as exercise routines, smoking cessation, alcohol reduction or cessation, as well as medication used to prevent and treat CV disease, slow the progression of disease and treat its symptoms, and increase life expectancy whilst improving the patients’ quality of life.

Cardiovascular Diseases:

  • HEART DISEASE: most usual through atherosclerosis, which is the build up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls (plaque), which can restrict blood flow. The plaque can burst, triggering a blood clot. Although atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, it can affect arteries anywhere in your body.
  • HEART ATTACK /MI: occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw.
  • STROKE: Ischaemic stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery that supplies blood to the brain. The blockage reduces the blood flow and oxygen to the brain, leading to damage or death of brain cells. Haemorrhagic stroke, also known as brain haemorrhage or brain bleed, happens due to bleeding in or around the brain.
  • HEART FAILURE: also known as congestive heart failure, occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should.
  • ARRHYTHMIA: a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat where the heart can beat too fast, too slowly, or with an irregular rhythm.
  • HEART VALVE ISSUES: issues include regurgitation, stenosis, and atresia.

Below you can find a collection of videos that can help provide a more visual approach to cardiovascular disease.


Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease

Ischaemic Stroke Animation

Haemorrhagic Stroke Animation

Congestive Heart Failure

Cardiac Arrhythmias

Hypertension Overview, Symptoms and Risk Factors

More information about anti-hypertensives can be found here…

Special thanks to the creators of the featured videos on this post, specifically Youtube Channels Biolution, Cook Children’s Health Care System, Scientific Animations, Bupa Health UK, and Registered Nurse RN.

Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

Tissue Level of Organisation

Cells are highly organised units which function as a group of similar cells, called tissue.

Below you can find a collection of videos that can help provide a more visual approach to Tissue Level of Organisation.

Epithelial Tissue

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

Types of Connective Tissue


Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

Cell Structure, Function and Level of Organisation

The cell is the basic living structural and functional unit of the body.

Below you can find a collection of videos that can help provide a more visual approach to cell structure, cell function and cell level of organisation.

Selective Permeability and Passive Transport

Facilitated Diffusion through a Plasma Membrane

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion

Hypotonic, Isotonic and Hypertonic Solutions

The Filtration Process

Glomerular Filtration in Kidneys

The Difference Between Passive and Active Transport

The Sodium Potassium Pump

Electrochemical Gradients in Secondary Active Transport

Endocytosis, Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

Exocytosis


Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

Fundamentals of Physiology

Physiology is the science of functional mechanisms of living organisms such as the processes that maintain the identity of a living body during its exchange with its surroundings, and the manner in which information is received from the surroundings and how the organism reacts to influence its environment.

Below you can find a collection of videos that can help provide a more visual approach to physiology for nursing students.

Introduction to Physiology

Homeostasis Control through the Positive and Negative Feedback System


Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

Introduction to Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationship among structures.

Below you can find a collection of videos that can help provide a more visual approach to anatomy for nursing students.

Anatomy Directional Terms

Anatomy Body Planes and Sections

Body Cavities and Membranes

Abdominal Quadrants and Regions


Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

Introduction to Pharmacology

This Introduction to Pharmacology post features a collection of videos that provide a more visual approach for student nurses, for study purposesโ€ฆ

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions on the body.

Below you can find a collection of videos that can help provide a more visual approach to an introduction to pharmacology for nursing students.


Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics refers to the mechanisms of drug action…the study of how a drug affects our bodies.

The majority of drugs elicit a response depending on how they interact with a particular protein, which happens through a receptor protein embedded in the cell membrane, or inside the cell within the cytoplasm or in the nucleus.

Sometimes a drug acts as a ligand for a receptor.

A drug may be:

  • Agonist: mimics the native ligand and elicits the typical physiological response (a.k.a. facilitator) – Agonist promotes normal function of the protein.
  • Antagonist: binds to the active site but DOES NOT activate the receptor (a.k.a. blocker / inhibitor) – Antagonist silences the protein and prevents function.

Drug Potency: the strength of a drug at a particular dosage or the amount of a drug required to produce a particular effect. Potency can also be described as the affinity of a drug for a receptor (high affinity = small amount of drug needed).

Drug Efficacy: maximum effect that can be achieved by a drug. Efficacy can also be described as the effect the drug has on the receptor and how well it acts as an agonist or an antagonist.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Absorption: how the drug moves from site of administration into the bloodstream
  • Distribution: journey through the bloodstream to reach target cells and molecules
  • Metabolism: modification by enzymes to render the drug ineffective
  • Excretion: the removal of the drug from the body via urine/faeces

Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Drug Action

Pharmacokinetics: How drugs move through the body

Special thanks to the creator of the featured videos on this post, specifically Youtube Channel Professor Dave Explains.


Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

COVID19 Evidence Based Preventative Measures

Back in March 2020 I conducted COVID19 Evidence Based Preventative Measures research on my own initiative to be able to provide accurate information about COVID-19 preventative measures and be of service to the public as a Nursing Student during the pandemic.

Although considered vulnerable, from day 1 during the pandemic I planned on giving back to society in the best way I can. And while I couldn’t help society through my physical presence due to being considered vulnerable, I decided to help by answering the various public questions that were arising especially in the beginning of the pandemic through spreading of evidence-based information. Being aware of the misinformation on the subject spreading like wildfire through social media, I wanted to make sure to have accurate information, especially when it comes to knowing the rationales for the preventative measures that were being shared with the public by the Maltese Health Authorities.

Hence, I thought of compiling the most recent and relevant evidence-based information into an article. At the same time I opted to use the assessment style we are required to use during our Nursing studies at the University of Malta, which included the use of APA 6th (at the time), so as to serve as practice for my future assignments during my course of study.

Although the research was carried out back in March 2020 and some things may have changed especially since studies and research are an ongoing process, certain COVID19 evidence based preventative measures are still applicable, especially during the current influx of COVID-19 incidence we are experiencing, and we should still adhere to them together as a society to curb the transmission of this virus as much as possible until a reliable vaccine is out.

Below you can find a downloadable file with the mentioned COVID19 Evidence Based Preventative Measures research article.

Copyright ยฉ 2020 Claire Galea – All Rights Reserved.


Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

Learning Methods Help You Reduce Your Study Time Drastically

Studying may be hard. It depends on various factors such as time, memory, family commitments, specific distractions… However, you can cut the chase and spend much less time studying, yet getting more quality study time by focusing on the learning methods that are best specifically for you.

Your first step towards finding the most suitable learning methods for you is to ask the question: “What kind of learner am I?” – Once you find the answer to that question, you can focus directly on choosing the best learning methods for you. Less time studying yet more effective result!

Reading and Research

One of the most basic learning methods out there is undoubtedly reading and research. If you are currently studying as part of a University, you most probably have access to a library which offers a vast range of books related to the course you’re following. Do not hesitate to ask around if you are unsure. Most lecturers are always ready to offer support to students who show interest in growing their learning base.

Your University may also offer an online database of scholar articles to its students. This could be very handy when it comes to researching subjects, studies and techniques.

There are also various websites offering links to scholarly articles, such as Google Scholar, which can come in handy and is free of charge to access. You may also find various databases and journals which offer information at a one time price or a subscription option. For this option, I’d recommend you read through the abstract section which gives you a clear indication on the content of the article you’re interested in, prior to purchasing access to it.

Practice

Whatever area of study you are pursuing, by seeking ways to put theory into practice, you may find it easier to comprehend fully all that is required. Sometimes you may find that knowing the theory isn’t enough…practice helps you link what you read and study to what you are actually required to do in practice.

For practice learning methods you can seek a guidance teacher or work experiences where you can put in practice what you’re learning. Although this may require time investment, it can prove to be a great learning curve, and it can also help motivate you towards reaching your ultimate goal: graduating!

Writing

A very common learning technique is writing. This includes taking notes in class, adding notes from your own research, highlighting text, and use of various coloured pens. This is a very common learning method used by visual learners, since these individuals find it easier to memorise what they study through how their notes look. Some find that it comes quite easy to remember certain notes by remembering clearly how that particular note was written, with what colour it was written, and whether there were any highlighted parts on that specific paper.

Reflection

Reflectors love to use this learning method to help boost their learning abilities. Reflection is about in-depth thinking and analysis of particular subjects. For example, a reflector delves into the mechanism and rationale behind particular choices,”Why is this done in this way and not in the other?” – this gives them the understanding necessary, so they do not need to remember the answer, but they just need to think about the different options and rationalise between them.

Reflectors like asking questions. If you feel that you are the reflective type, do not hold yourself back from asking. You may find that most lecturers are ready to answer any doubts you may have, especially if you do not find your answer through research.

Watching Videos

Many visual learners find it easier to link theory with practice through watching videos. The combination between the visual and the auditory helps these learners understand and memorise concepts in an easier way.

One of the best video teacher offering free content is without doubt Youtube. However, be careful when seeking sources. Understand that not all sources provide valid information. Additionally, methods and theories may vary between cultures and countries, so do keep this in mind when making choices regarding content.

A good tip could be reading through some of the comments available with the videos you feel drawn to. Seeking some background info on the channel hosting the videos would also help understand more from where that particular teaching is coming from. This can help you in evaluating the value of the content you choose to focus on.

Flashcards

Flashcards could be a great tool for study. A particular Android app that I personally love using is the Simple Flashcards Plus – Learning and Study App, which is totally free to download and use. This particular app allows you to download ready-made flashcard sets related to your chosen study field. However, for those who like me love to have everything in order and updated within the exact teaching material that lecturers provide, you can create flashcard sets yourself.

This particular app allows you to do random quizzes based on the flashcards you are working with, and mark the ones that you complete and remember successfully, so you may skip them the following time you’re studying.

You may also use the ‘edit’ section to search for particular flashcards who carry the same search word you imput. For example, if I want to find quick reference on how to administer an Intramuscular Injection, I can go into the edit section and insert IM or Intramuscular, and the system automatically pulls up all the flashcards I had previously created with those chosen words.

Another interesting feature is that you may also add a photo to the flashcards you create. This helps further any visual learners with retaining information. I personally love this option, however, there have been times where I have deleted images from my mobile phone by mistake, which resulted in losing the images from my pre-created flashcards.

NCLEX for Nursing Students

This particular option is very helpful for Nursing Students. I have personally found helpful a website named NursesLabs, which offers multiple-choice questions related to different nursing study units, which you can test and retest. By doing these tests you can become more accustomed to how nursing-related questions are drafted. Like me, all nursing students undergoing multiple choice examinations know that sometimes questions may be quite tricky, with more than one answer seeming to be the best option. This type of learning technique will help you become more accustomed to such questioning.

Oh and have I mentioned already that this website offers free tests and content? I highly recommend you check it out!

P.S. If you are not a nursing student, you may still search for multiple choice question apps or websites which can help you use this same learning technique for whichever subject you are pursuing.

And there you have it!

Hope you have enjoyed these 7 Learning Techniques. As previously mentioned, we are all different, and some methods may work for you more than others. Understand which makes you learn better, and seek to focus on those particular methods to make your study time more effective!


Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚

What Kind of Learner Am I? Here Is Everything You Need To Know…

What kind of learner am I?

Study may seem to be an easy task, however this may not always be the case. Over the years you may have probably developed personal learning habits which, if taken into consideration, may facilitate your learning ability.

Your first step prior to embarking on a study journey should be to ask yourself, “What kind of learner am I? How do I learn best?”

David Kolb’s learning styles which were first published in 1984 can be divided into 4 different categories: Activists, Theorists, Reflectors and Pragmatists. By identifying which of the four categories best reflects who you are, you can learn about the best learning techniques that are the most ideal for you.

Learning Techniques

Activists: Do you prefer practical tasks rather than theory? Students who fall within this category look forward to activities such as games, problem solving (including team problem solving) and simulations. They seek a lot of action and excitement, enjoy challenges, take risks and are eager for new experiences, generating new ideas without much concern for constraints. Activists make great leaders and love to be in the limelight.

Theorists: Do you find yourself eager to acquire handouts or other material which you feel will help you study better? Student who fall within this category find themselves interested in the theory and methodology of every subject being studies. They seek clear and obvious purpose in their activities, they rely on rationale and logic, and conclude their findings based on a thorough analysis.

Reflectors: Do you feel the need to retreat from activities in order to read further related material and discuss? Students who fall within this catogory feel the need of opportunities to observe and consider. Passive involvement for these students such as watching related videos are very helpful. Reflectors love to research and seek multiple possibilities to evaluate which is best. They like to think well before doing or saying something, and also take their time to reflect on their doings so as to ‘know better’ for similar future situations.

Pragmatists: Do you seek tips and shortcuts when studying? Students who fall within this category seek techniques that make their work easier. They love relating to successful role models and are able to practice what they learn, seeking the best opportunities to do so. Pragmatists love drawing up action plans and trying different techniques and procedures.

How Do I Learn Best?

Now that you have seen what type of learning techniques for students are, you need to ask yourself once again, ” What kind of learner am I ?”. Now is the time for you to determine in which category you associate yourself with. The best way to find out is to download and print the following PDF containing David Kolb‘s learning styles, and complete the questionnaire within. Then start applying the learning techniques that best work for you.


Did you find the above nursing information useful? Follow us on Facebook and fill in your email address below to receive new blogposts in your inbox as soon as theyโ€™re published ๐Ÿ™‚